Health Humanities Lab

Humanities Research Center

Virtual Walking Tour Notes

  1. “About, ” East Marshall Street Well Project, Virginia Commonwealth University, https://emsw.vcu.edu/about/.  
  2. “Report on the East Marshall Street Well,” East Marshall Street Well Project, accessed Dec. 18, 2025, https://emsw.vcu.edu/about/emsw-resources/;  Until the Well Runs Dry: Medicine and the Exploitation of Black Bodies, directed by Shawn Utsey (United States; Burn Baby Burn Productions, 2011), video; Tina Griego, “Into the Light,” Richmond Magazine, September 8, 2015, https://richmondmagazine.com/news/features/into-the-light/; Chip Jones, 

The Organ Thieves: The Shocking Story of the First Heart Transplant in the Segregated South (Jeter Publishing, 2020), chap. 4. 

  1. Mike Allen, “Well-preserved Find at MCV, ” Richmond Times Dispatch, May 11, 1994. 
  2. “1994 Excavation, ” Virginia Commonwealth University, accessed Dec. 18, 2025, https://emsw.vcu.edu/about/. 
  3. Vetrovec, Logan, Anne Massey, Sally Santen, Cherie Edwards, Kathy Kreutzer, and Kevin Harris, “Reckoning with Our Racist Past: An Academic Health Center’s Engagement with History and Health,” Metropolitan Universities 33 (2022): 69–88; Dominique Tobbell “Virginia Moments: Celebrating Black Nurse Leaders in the Fight for Civil Rights and Health Justice, ” Virginia Nursing Legacy Magazine (2023); Victoria Tucker, "Race and Place in Virginia: The Case of Nursing,” Nursing History Review 28 (2020): 143–157; Emily A. Largent, “Public Health, Racism, and the Lasting Impact of Hospital Segregation. ” Public Health Reports 133 (2018): 715–20. For more information, see also: "Structural Racism: St. Philip Hospital and School of Nursing," Valentine Museum, https://thevalentine.org/explore/exhibitions/online-exhibitions/racial-equity-health-series/structural-racism-st-philip-hospital-and-school-of-nursing/.
  4. “St. Philip Hall,” VCU Archives, 2025, https://vcu.exposure.co/remembering-st-philip.
  5. “St. Philip Class of 1937, ” VCU Libraries Gallery, accessed Dec. 18, 2025, https://gallery.library.vcu.edu/items/show/79678.
  6. "Living Legacies: A Conversation with St. Philip School of Nursing Alumnae," VCU Humanities Research Center, Feb 26, 2024, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tlaIY-3C9wo; “The Legacy of the St. Philip School of Nursing, ” VCU School of Nursing, Feb 15, 2019, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8iFsE_EBPCw. 
  7. Rob Nieweg, “Finding Balance in Truth and Reconciliation at Richmond’s Shockoe Bottom” National Trust for Historic Preservation,  February 25, 2019, https://savingplaces.org/stories/finding-balance-in-truth-and-reconciliation-at-richmonds-shockoe-bottom; “The Project, “ The Shockoe Project, accessed Dec. 18, 2025, https://theshockoeproject.com/.
  8. Frederick Beers,  “Illustrated Atlas of the City of Richmond” (1877), VCU Scholars Compass; Sarah Rankin, "In Virginia’s capital, a renewed effort to honor slaves," PBS News, July 28, 2020; “Shockoe Bottom” National Trust for Historic Preservation, ” https://savingplaces. org/places/shockoe-bottom.
  9. “Diagramed Map of Schoke Bottom,” Google Maps, Image adapted by Michael Carrington(Dec. 3, 2025). 
  10. “Our History, First African Baptist Church, https://www.firstafricanbaptist.org/our-history; “First African Baptist Church,” Virginia Department of Historic Resources, https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/historic-registers/127-0167/;  "An Unfolding History: First African Baptist Church,” University of Richmond, https://unfoldinghistory.richmond.edu/article/first-african-baptist-church
  11. See also “Project Gabriel,” VCU President’s Special Commission on Slavery and Justice, accessed Dec. 18, 2025, https://projectgabriel.vcu.edu/media/project-gabriel/ProjectGabrielFinalReport_2023.pdf
  12. “First African Baptist Church Marker,” Photograph by Michael Carrington (Dec. 10,  2025). 
  13. Ryan K. Smith, “African Burial Ground, ” Richmond Cemeteries, accessed Dec. 18, 2025, https://www.richmondcemeteries.org/africanburialground/;  Christopher McPherson, A Short History of the Life of Christopher McPherson, (Virginian Job Office, 1855), 21; Jeffrey Ruggles, “The Burial Ground: An Early African-American Site in Richmond” (2009), accessed Dec. 18, 2025, https://www.scribd.com/document/42051809/Burial-Ground-Ruggles-12-09. See also, 

Ryan K. Smith, Death and Rebirth in a Southern City: Richmond's Historic Cemeteries

(Johns Hopkins University Press, 2020), chap. 2. 

  1. “Barton Heights Cemeteries,” Richmond Cemeteries, 2025, https://www.richmondcemeteries. org/barton-heights/; Smith, Death and Rebirth in a Southern City, 93-104; Brian McNeil, "Digital Map of Richmond’s Barton Heights Cemeteries to Be Unveiled,"

VCU News, March 21, 2023, https://news.vcu.edu/article/2023/03/digital-map-of-richmonds-b arton-heights-cemeteries-to-be-unveiled.

  1. Photograph of Barton Heights Cemeteries Historical Marker by Michael Carrington (Nov. 26, 2025). 
  2. Smith, “Shockoe Hill African Burying Ground,” Richmond Cemeteries, 2025, https://www.richmondcemeteries.org/potters-field/; Ryan Smith, “Disappearing the Enslaved: The Destruction and Recovery of Richmond’s Second African Burial Ground,” Buildings & Landscapes: Journal of the Vernacular Architecture Forum 27 (2020): 17–45. 
  3. “A Life Rediscovered: The Story of Emily Winfree,” Virginia Museum of History & Culture, https://virginiahistory.org/learn/life-rediscovered-story-emily-winfree; Bill Lohmann, “Virginia

Once Enslaved, Emily Winfree Left a Cottage and a Legacy," NBC News, Feb. 27, 2022. For more about the life of Emily Winfree, see Dr. Jan Meck and Virginia Refo, The Life and Legacy of Enslaved Virginian Emily Winfree (The History Press, 2021). 

  1. “Photograph of Emily Winfree, “ A Life Rediscovered: The Story of Emily Winfree, Virginia Museum of History & Culture, https://virginiahistory.org/learn/life-rediscovered-story-emily-winfree. 
  2. “Descendants of Emily Winfree pose in front of her cottage during their trip through Richmond,”  A Life Rediscovered: The Story of Emily Winfree, Virginia  History & Culture Magazine, Winter/Spring 2019, https://virginiahistory.org/learn/life-rediscovered-story-emily-winfree. 
  3. Matthew Laird, “Lumpkin’s Jail,” Encyclopedia Virginia, https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/lumpkins-jail/; Kristen Green, The Devil's Half Acre: The Untold Story of How One Woman Liberated the South's Most Notorious Slave Jail (Seal Press, 2022). 
  4. Shawn P. Quigley, "Lumpkin's Slave Jail in Richmond, VA" ( (1895), illustration, courtesy of the National Park Service, https://www.nps.gov/media/photo/view.htm?id=A7E2CC4F-7580-47C2-8671-BD24940C8A50.
  5. Jones, The Organ Thieves, 36-45; Mary Ann Sullivan, "Medical College of Richmond," Bluffton University Digital Mapping Project, 2002, https://homepages.bluffton.edu/~sullivanm/virginia/richmond/egyptblding/medicalcollege.html; Harry Kollatz Jr., "Egyptian Revival," Richmond Magazine, June 2, 2024, https://richmondmagazine.com/news/sunday-story/egyptian-revival/; Peter J. Wosh, "Slavery and the Medical College of Virginia: A Report for Virginia Commonwealth University," 2022, https://emsw.vcu.edu/media/emsw-2022/Enslaved_Ancestors_final.pdf; Jodi L.  Koste, “Artifacts and Commingled Skeletal Remains from a Well on the Medical College of Virginia Campus: Anatomical and Surgical Training in Nineteenth-Century Richmond,” VCU Scholars Compass, Office of the President Documents, 2012. 
  6. "Medical Students at the Dissection Table in Anatomy Lab," Medical College of Virginia, Class of 1910, Courtesy of the VCU Health Sciences Library. For information on Chris Baker see, Utsey, Until the Well Runs Dry: Medicine and the Exploitation of Black Bodies; Jones, The Organ Thieves, 41-7. 
  7. “Egyptian Building,” (1890s), Courtesy of VCU Libraries, Health Sciences Library.
  8. John Mitchell Jr., “Scene in the Dissecting Room,” Richmond Planet (Richmond, VA), August 1, 1896. Library of Virginia. See Utsey, Until the Well Runs Dry: Medicine and the Exploitation of Black Bodies; Jones, The Organ Thieves, 46-7. 
  9. “Medical College in Richmond Virginia,” National Intelligencer (Washington, D.C.), May 23, 1839: 3.
  10. National Park Services. n. d. “Jackson Ward and Its Black Wall Street (U. S. National Park Service),” https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/jackson-ward-and-its-black-wall-street.htm; "About the JXN Project," https://thejxnproject.org/the-jxn-project; Susan Breitzer, "Constitutional Convention, Virginia (1901–1902)," Encyclopedia Virginia, https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/constitutional-convention-virginia-1901-1902/; “In Richmond, Life Expectancy Can Vary by up to 20 Years,” Virginia Public Media, October 6, 2023;  Elizabeth McGowan, "In Richmond, A Struggle Over The Future Of A ‘Harlem Of The South,’” Virginia Center for Investigative Journalism at WHRO Public Media, July 16, 2024, https://www.whro.org/virginia-center-for-investigative-journalism/2024-07-16/vcij-reconnect-richmond.
  11. McGowan, “In Richmond, A Struggle over the Future of A ‘Harlem of the South’”; A.J. Nwoko, “In Richmond, Life Expectancy Can Vary by up to 20 Years,” Virginia Public Media, Oct. 6, 2023, https://www.vpm.org/2023-10-06/in-richmond-life-expectancy-can-vary-by-up-to-20-years. 
  12. “Jackson Ward in the 1870s,” Race, Space and Power in Richmond, Virginia, Valentine Museum, accessed Dec. 18, 2025, https://thevalentine.org/explore/exhibitions/online-exhibitions/racial-equity-health-series/race-space-and-power-in-richmond-virginia/.
  13. “Richmond–Petersburg Turnpike Authority Contract Number A-4-G,”  March 5, 1957, Contractor: E. G. Bowles–Wiley N. Jackson Co., Courtesy of the Library of Virginia,  https://uncommonwealth.lva.virginia.gov/blog/2024/10/09/richmond-petersburg-turnpike-authority/.

34.“Reconciliation Triangle Case Study, ” Broadbent Studio, accessed Dec. 18, 2025, https://broadbent. studio/reconciliation-triangle-casestudy; Bernard Fisher, "Reconciliation Statue," Historical Marker Database, last modified Sept. 7, 2024, https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=41843. See also, "Reconciliation Memorial Richmond, Virginia," Contemporary Monuments to the Slave Past, accessed Dec. 18, 2025, https://www.slaverymonuments.org/items/show/1140.